Discover the astonishing history of English--from its obscure, dialecty beginnings to its current role as the international language of business, science, technology, and art. This is not just an account of an extraordinarily rich vocabulary; it's also a vivid picture of England throughout the ages. You'll meet the people--from the Vikings to the Victorians--who added new ingredients to English, and learn how their influence spread through England and beyond.HOW ENGLISH CAME ABOUT Since its inception around 500 A.D., English has grown exponentially by absorbing words, phrases, pronunciations, and grammar from other languages. As early as 690 A.D., English was already borrowing heavily from Latin (its greatest source of borrowed words) through Christian missionaries who were spreading their religion throughout England. From 850 A.D. onward, centuries of conflict hastened the borrowing of words from Germanic languages such as Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse. English as we know it today came into existence around 1350 as the result of Norman Conquest and the subsequent political changes that gave England greater political control over its own affairs. From 1437 until 1611, Shakespeare's works ushered in a new era of English literature that was influenced quite dramatically by his use of borrowed words from Spanish, French, Italian, Latin, Greek, and Scandinavian languages. This period also witnessed the growth of English grammaricians who were influential in codifying existing rules for written word usage. During the 17th century, as England expanded as a world power, so did English as a language. This era witnessed the first great period of English borrowings from other languages which began with words from Dutch and French. During this era, the era of the great American writers such as James Fenimore Cooper and Nathaniel Hawthorne and their use of borrowed words and phrases from French and German (and beyond) came to be known as "The Golden Age." The greatest influences on American authors were European immigrants. Curiously enough, America's own National Language Act of 1988 removed all foreign words from President Lyndon B. Johnson's speeches!A NEW AGELESS LANGUAGE Today, English is the world's most widely-spoken language with an estimated one billion speakers. It is the international language of science and business and the native tongue of more than 300 million people. Even countries such as India and Pakistan, where it is not an official or national language, still make significant use of it in journalism and literature. English is also a growing tongue in Africa and South America. There, along with local dialects and languages, English has become a means to communicate among various cultures including native Indian tribes without having to learn any foreign language(s).
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